Introduction: The processes related to social cognitions contribute as a traumatic and stressful event for some ethnic and minority groups, causing a series of psychic suffering in individuals.
Social cognition considered stereotypes as characteristics of a group included in its mental representation. Objective: The study was conducted to analyze the negative stereotypes in two cultures with very different history and geopolitical context, especially how stereotypes are reflected in the cognitive component of prejudiced attitudes.
After receiving the information, participants completed Negative Stereotype Index. A descriptive analysis and the T-test to know the differences between the perception and self-perception of the groups. Results: Show that negative stereotype traits in Poland and Brazil, found negative stereotypic traits attributed to an out-group resulted in more unfavorable evaluations than descriptions consisting of positive attributes.
In both groups, and their antecedents were associated with negative out-group attitudes, however, is a more general and more important one. Conclusion: The findings found that expectations about the out-group and negative stereotypes occur in conjunction with other negative emotions, which intensify negative out-group attitudes.
The assessment that the Poles made of the Germans was like that of the Brazilians of the Argentines or of a group of relatively higher status. That is, they considered the Germans as more arrogant, sincere and less modest. The different groups of people may dislike each other for similar reasons. Explanations are offered for the limitations of the study and proposal for future research. Los diferentes grupos pueden no gustarle el uno al otro por razones similares. Fiske and Taylor identify 14 domains of social cognition, ranging from more basic concepts such as social attention, encoding of social stimuli and, social memory representations, to higher-order social processes such as social decision-making, social inference, attitudes, stereotyping and, prejudice.
Recently Mathew and Raja offer us this concept in a compiled way in view of the various concepts discussed in the last century. These authors argue that social cognition refer to structures of knowledge, the interpersonal processes of knowledge creation and dissemination including the encoding, storage, retrieval and activation of social information.
In this sense, Fiske and Tablante define stereotyping as the cognitive component of bias, as category-based beliefs about a group that also involve affective-evaluative loading and behavioral tendencies. Other authors suggest that stereotypes are explicit, expressible, by definition, social cognitions referring to shared social knowledge in a given cultural context.
These cognitive structures affect the encoding and processing of information, particularly information pertaining to out-group members Dixon, In this sense, the negative stereotypes generate a threat creating negative expectations about the conduct of members of an out-group. Recent research has shown that ethno-political conflict impacts thousands of youth worldwide and has been associated with several negative psychological outcomes.
For instance, analyzing ethnic variation in the development of negative stereotypes about ethnic outgroups among Palestinian, Israeli Jewish and, Israeli Arab, results indicate important ethnic differences in trajectories of negative stereotypes about ethnic outgroups, as well as variation in how such trajectories are shaped by prolonged ethno-political conflict Niwa, et al.
Also, are positively, related to the other threats specified by the Integrated Threat Theory. Besides, similar to Stephan et al. Although negative stereotypes have a moderate relationship with other threat types, they also maintain a direct, unique relationship with out-group attitudes. Complicating the issue further is the possibility that negative stereotypes may also be a result of intergroup threat.
If is exact, then it seems reasonable to assume that intergroup threats may create negative. Obviously, the role of negative stereotypes in future theories of intergroup threat needs, to be examined from multiple perspectives. On the other hand, recent reviews show that both authoritarianism and social dominance had an indirect effect on moral exclusion mediated by negative stereotypes about the target group.
In this study, we analyse on negative stereotypes in two cultures with very different history and geopolitical context but to some extent similar religion context and different ethnic groups: Brazil and Poland. The goal of the present study is to provide a preliminary investigation how stereotypes reflect in the cognitive component of prejudicial attitudes in two cultures Brazil and Poland.
The research uses the cross-sectional methodology. The data collection was carried out through questionnaires. The participants came from careers in the area of Social Sciences and Humanities in the non-probabilistic sample. Collaboration and volunteerism was a very important factor in the whole process of the development of this study, both by the professionals involved and by the undergraduate students. The application of the questionnaire was carried out in the classroom.
In the case of the University of Poland, the questionnaires were translated into the Polish language. To avoid having an overly heterogenous sample of undergraduate students in different countries, we recruited a sample in terms of careers in the area of Social Sciences and Humanities as well as age. Four hundred fifty one students from Poland and Brazil participated in the study.
The Brazilian sample consisted of Regarding the marital status of the sample, Negative Stereotype Index W. To evaluate stereotypes as an aspect of social cognition, and in fact that negative stereotypes lead to feelings of threat. It has been suggested that negative stereotypes because perceived realistic threats, perceptions of value differences Stephan et al. Were assessed by a item scale asking participants to estimate the percentage of the out-group possessing each of 12 traits e.
Brazilian evaluated intergroup national the African, Argentine and Portuguese, in addition to self-assess the national group. Polish evaluated intergroup exo the Germans, Gypsies and Jews, in addition to self-assess endo to the Poles. The instrument shows within its psychometric properties a level of reliability of. The research protocol for this study was approved by the institutional review boards of the University of Basque Country where the author was during Phd. The choice of the groups follow pre-established criteria, for example, in Brazil and Poland that there were no foreign students in classrooms, but the work was adjusted to the possibilities of professionals in each country and their students to compose the sample.
The confidentiality of participant data was said to be fulfilled through anonymity. Descriptive analyzes were performed. In addition, with the perception of other ethnic groups, for example, the Poles towards the Germans, Gypsies and Jews was analyzed. This work is original and has not been sent to another journal. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
All the authors have had participation in the same. The work complies with all the ethical and legal guarantees in the country of realization. Perception of Brazilians in relation to negative stereotypes in different ethnic groups. However, Brazilian 4. Argentines When Brazilians were asked what negative stereotypes they would attribute to the Argentines, it was found that Brazilians 7.
Argentines have an average of 6. Figure 1 shows the information mentioned above. Perception of Poles in relation to negative stereotypes in different ethnic groups. With a mean of 4. Polish students when asked how they perceived certain groups in stereotypical terms answered that Germans are the most arrogant.
In terms of negative stereotypes, Polish students consider Gypsies to be the most clannish. Among groups analyzed in Poland, Polish student have the most negative stereotypes toward Jews. The most important traits for Jews were: persons performing hard-working, ambitious, clannish, unintelligent, arrogant, aggressive, untrustworthy and insincere Figure 2. Because of their harmful effects, we should make a real commitment to try to overcome our racial stereotypes. Next, we should work to become more aware of our inner thoughts and feelings and how they affect our beliefs and actions.
When we have a stereotypical thought about a racial group, we should follow it up with an alternative thought based on factual information that discounts the stereotype. We can obtain this factual information by leaving our comfort zones and exposing ourselves to people of different races. We should be willing to engage in honest dialogue with others about race that at times might be difficult, risky, and uncomfortable.
We should also seek out media portrayals of different races that are realistic and positive. Attending churches, plays, concerts, and movies that celebrate diversity will also broaden our worldview. As we gain more awareness and knowledge about racial groups, not only will our racial stereotypes lessen, but we will also become better equipped to educate and challenge others about their racial stereotypes.
There has been a lot of work in attempting to challenge gender stereotypes. Old-fashioned ideas that some toys are just for boys, or that women should stay home while men work have been challenged and progress has been made.
There is still a long way to go, but the proportion of women with college degrees in the labor force has almost quadrupled since Statistically, more women now graduate with degrees than men. While the fight for gender equality is far from over, the same efforts to challenge assumptions and provide equal opportunities for people regardless of race must be given the same attention.
The first step is to identify stereotypes. Bryan Stevenson talks about the need to get proximate. Once stereotypes are challenged repeatedly, it makes it harder to stereotype in the future. Blog Topics Videos Podcast Archives. But the reality is, they can be very harmful.
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